初中語法總結(jié)
初中語法總結(jié)時(shí)態(tài)
1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示普遍、經(jīng)常性的或長(zhǎng)期性的動(dòng)作時(shí)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),它有:Be動(dòng)詞:She’saworker.Issheaworker?Sheisn’taworker.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:
Icanplaythepiano.Canyouplaythepiano?Ican’tplaythepiano.行為動(dòng)詞:
Theywanttoeatsometomatoes.Dotheywanttoeatanytomatoes?Theydon’twanttoeatanytomatoes.Ginahasanicewatch.DoesGinahaveanicewatch?Ginadoesn’thaveawatch.2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示動(dòng)詞在此時(shí)正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行就使用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),結(jié)構(gòu)為sbbev-ingsth+其它.I’mplayingbaseball.Areyouplayingbaseball?I’mnotplayingbaseball.Nancyiswritingaletter.IsNancywritingaletter?Nancyisn’twritingaletter.
They’relisteningtothepopmusic.Aretheylisteningthepopmusic?Theyaren’tlisteningtothepopmusic.
語法總結(jié)句式1.陳述句肯定陳述句a)Thisisabook.(be動(dòng)詞)b)Helooksveryyoung.(連系動(dòng)詞)c)Iwantasweatlikethis.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)
d)Icanbringsomethingstoschool.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)e)There’sacomputeronmydesk.(Therebe結(jié)構(gòu))否定陳述句
a)Thesearen’ttheirbooks.b)Theydon’tlooknice.
c)Katedoesn’tgotoNo.4MiddleSchool.d)Katecan’tfindherdoll.e)Thereisn’tacathere.(=There’snocathere.)2.祈使句肯定祈使句
a)Pleasegoandasktheman.b)Let’slearnEnglish!c)Comein,please.否定祈使句a)Don’tbelate.b)Don’thurry.3.疑問句1)一般疑問句a)IsJimastudent?b)CanIhelpyou?c)Doesshelikesalad?
d)DotheywatchTV?e)Isshereading?肯定回答:a)Yes,heis.b)Yes,youcan.c)Yes,shedoes.d)Yes,theydo.e)Yes,sheis.否定回答:a)No,heisn’t.b)No,youcan’t.c)No,shedoesn’t.d)No,theydon’t.e)No,sheisn’t.2)選擇疑問句
Isthetablebigorsmall?回答It’sbig./It’ssmall.3)特殊疑問句
①問年齡HowoldisLucy?Sheistwelve.
②問種類Whatkindofmoviesdoyoulike?Ilikeactionmoviesandcomedies.③問身體狀況Howisyouruncle?Heiswell/fine.④問方式Howdo/canyouspellit?L-doubleO-K.
Howdowecontactyou?Mye-mailaddressispresident@xueersi.com.⑤問原因Whydoyouwanttojointheclub?
⑥問時(shí)間What’sthetime?(=Whattimeisit?)It’saquartertotena.m..Whattimedoyouusuallygetup,Rick?Atfiveo’clock.Whendoyouwanttogo?Let’sgoat7:00.⑦問地方Where’smybackpack?It’sunderthetable.⑧問顏色Whatcolorarethey?Theyarelightblue.What’syourfavouritecolor?It’sblack.⑨問人物Who’sthat?It’smysister.
Whoistheboyinblue?Mybrother.Whoisn’tatschool?PeterandEmma.WhoareLisaandTimtalkingto?
⑩問東西What’sthis/that(inEnglish)?It’sapencilcase.
Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Icanseesomebroccoli,strawberriesandhamburgers.11問姓名What’syouraunt’sname?HernameisHelen./She’sHelen.What’syourfirstname?Myfirstname’sBen.What’syourfamilyname?Myfamilyname’sSmith.12問哪一個(gè)Whichdoyoulike?Ilikeoneinthebox.13問字母Whatletterisit?It’sbigD/smallf.
14問價(jià)格Howmucharethesepants?They’re15dollars.15問電話號(hào)碼What’syourphonenumber?It’s576-8349.16問謂語(動(dòng)作)What’shedoing?He’swatchingTV.17問職業(yè)(身份)Whatdoyoudo?I’mateacher.What’syourfather?He’sadoctor.
過去將來時(shí)幾種結(jié)構(gòu)表未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖
was/weregoingto+動(dòng)詞原形;was/wereto+動(dòng)詞原形;was/wereaboutto+動(dòng)詞原形等結(jié)構(gòu)都可表達(dá)當(dāng)時(shí)一種未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖或打算。如:beheldthenextmonth.會(huì)議下個(gè)月開。
Weweretohaveourclassateight.八點(diǎn)我們?cè)撋险n了。
IwasabouttotellhimaboutitwhenWuDonggotin.就在我要告訴他時(shí),吳東進(jìn)來了。
Theconferencewasgoingto
一、初一英語語法詞法
1、名詞A)、名詞的數(shù)
我們知道名詞可以分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,而不可數(shù)名詞它沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,但可數(shù)名詞卻有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分,復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成如下:一)在后面加s。如:fathers,books,Americans,Germans,apples,bananas
二)x,sh,ch,s,tch后加es。如:boxes,glasses,dresses,watches,wishes,faxes
三)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為i再加es如:baby-babies,family-families,duty-duties,comedy-comedies,documentary-documentaries,story-stories以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的直接加s。如:day-days,boy-boys,toy-toys,key-keys,ways
四)以o結(jié)尾加s(外來詞)。如:radios,photos,但如是輔音加o的加es:如:tomatoes西紅柿,potatoes馬鈴薯
五)以f或fe結(jié)尾的變f為v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives,wife-wives,half-halves,shelf-shelves,leaf-leaves,yourself-yourselves六)單復(fù)數(shù)相同(不變的)有:fish,sheep,deer鹿子,Chinese,Japanese
七)一般只有復(fù)數(shù),沒有單數(shù)的有:people,pants,shorts,shoes,glasses,gloves,clothes,socks
八)單詞形式不變,既可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)的有:police警察局,警察,class班,同學(xué),family家,家庭成員
九)合成的復(fù)數(shù)一般只加主要名詞,多數(shù)為后一個(gè)單詞。如:actionmovie-actionmovies,penpal-penpals;但如果是由man或woman所組成的合成詞的復(fù)數(shù)則同時(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如:mandoctor-mendoctors,womanteacher-womenteachers
十)有的單復(fù)數(shù)意思不同。如:fish魚fishes魚的種類,paper紙papers報(bào)紙,卷子,論文,work工作works作品,工廠,glass玻璃glasses玻璃杯,眼鏡,orange桔子水oranges橙子,light光線lights燈,people人peoples民族,time時(shí)間times時(shí)代,次數(shù),chicken雞肉chickens小雞十一)單個(gè)字母的復(fù)數(shù)可以有兩種形式直接加s或’s。如:Is(I’s),Ks(K’s)。但如是縮略詞則只加s。如:IDs,VCDs,SARs十二)特殊形式的有:child-children,man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,mouse-mice,policeman-policemen,Englishman-EnglishmenB)名詞的格
當(dāng)我們要表示某人的什么東西或人時(shí),我們就要使用所有格形式。構(gòu)成如下:一)單數(shù)在后面加’s。如:brother’s,Mike’s,teacher’s
二)復(fù)數(shù)以s結(jié)尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是之s結(jié)尾的與單數(shù)一樣處理。如:Teachers’Day教師節(jié),classmates’;Children’sDay六一節(jié),Women’sDay三八節(jié)三)由and并列的名詞所有時(shí),如果是共同所有同一人或物時(shí),只加最后一個(gè)’s,但分別擁有時(shí)卻分別按單數(shù)形式處理。如:MikeandBen’sroom邁克和本的房間(共住一間),Mike’sandBen’srooms邁克和本的房間(各自的房間)
二、
2、代詞項(xiàng)目:人稱代詞物主代詞指示代詞反身代詞
人稱主格賓格形容詞名詞性第一人稱
單數(shù)Imemyminemyself復(fù)數(shù)weusouroursourselves第二人稱
單數(shù)youyouyouryoursyourself復(fù)數(shù)youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人稱
單數(shù)sheherherhersherselfhehimhishishimselfitititsitsthisthatitself復(fù)數(shù)theythemtheirtheirsthesethosethemselves3、動(dòng)詞
A)第三人稱單數(shù)
當(dāng)動(dòng)詞是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該像名詞的單數(shù)變動(dòng)詞那樣加s,如下:一)一般在詞后加s。如:comes,spells,waits,talks,sees,dances,trains二)在x,sh,ch,s,tch后加es。如:watches,washes,wishes,finishes
三)1)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為i再加es。如:study-studies,hurry-hurries,try-tries2)以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的直接加s。如:plays,says,stays,enjoys,buys四)以o結(jié)尾加es。如:does,goes五)特殊的有:are-is,have-hasB)現(xiàn)在分詞
當(dāng)我們說某人正在做什么事時(shí),動(dòng)詞要使用分詞形式,不能用原形,構(gòu)成如下:
一)一般在后加ing。如:spell-spelling,sing-singing,see-seeing,train-training,play-playing,hurry-hurrying,watch-watching,go-going,do-doing二)以不發(fā)音e的結(jié)尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing,wake-waking,take-taking,practice-practicing,write-writing,have-having
三)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且一個(gè)元音字母+一個(gè)輔音字母(注意除開字母組合如showshowing,draw-drawing)要雙寫最后的輔音字母再加ing。如:put-putting,run-running,get-getting,let-letting,begin-beginning
四)以ie結(jié)尾的變ie為y再加ing。如:tie-tying系die-dying死lie-lying位于4、形容詞的級(jí)
我們?cè)趯?duì)兩個(gè)或以上的人或物進(jìn)行對(duì)比時(shí),則要使用比較或最高級(jí)形式。構(gòu)成如下:
一)一般在詞后加er或est(如果是以e結(jié)尾則直接加r或st)。如:greater-greatest,shortershortest,tallertallest,longerlongest,nicer-nicest,larger-largest二)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且1個(gè)元音字母+1個(gè)輔音字母(字母組合除外,如few-fewerfewest)結(jié)尾的雙寫結(jié)尾的輔音再加er/est。如:big-biggerbiggest,red-redderreddest,hot-hotterhottest
三)以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的變y為i加er/est。如:happy-happierhappiest,sorry-sorriersorriest,friendly-friendlierfriendliest(morefriendlymostfriendly),busy-busierbusiest,easy-easiereasiest
四)特殊情況:(兩好多壞,一少老遠(yuǎn))
good/well-betterbestmany/much-moremostbad/illworseworst
little-lessleastold-older/elderoldest/eldestfar-farther/furtherfarthest/furthest
5、數(shù)詞(基變序,有規(guī)則;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y結(jié)尾,變?yōu)閕,eth跟上去。)first,second,third;fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth;seventh,tenth,thirteenth,hundredth;twenty-twentieth,forty-fortieth,ninety-ninetieth
擴(kuò)展閱讀:初中語法總結(jié)
初中英語語法
一.名詞I.名詞的種類:
專有名詞國(guó)名.地名.人名,團(tuán)體.機(jī)構(gòu)名稱II.名詞的數(shù):
1.規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:
名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es。現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下:
規(guī)則1234567一般情況在詞尾加-s以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-es加-smap-maps,girl-girls,day-daysclass-classes,watch-watches,dish-dishesthief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wivesbelief-beliefs,,roof-roofs,party-parties,family-families,story-stories,toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoespiano-pianos,photo-photos,radio-radios,zoo-zoos例詞個(gè)體名詞可數(shù)名詞集體名詞抽象名詞普通名詞不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加-es以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,或?qū)S忻~以y結(jié)尾的,加-s以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-es不少外來詞加-s以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-s2.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù):
英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,現(xiàn)歸納如下:
規(guī)則12345改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式單復(fù)數(shù)相同只有復(fù)數(shù)形式一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)(整體)也可以作復(fù)數(shù)(成員)表6示加-s單復(fù)數(shù)同形以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenIII.名詞的所有格:
名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種:一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成,二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西,后者多表示無生命的東西。1.’s所有格的用法:1234表示時(shí)間表示自然現(xiàn)象表示國(guó)家城市等地方的名詞表示工作群體today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holidaytheearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranchestheworld’spopulation,China’sindustrytheship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictoryclass,family,group,government,population,team,public,partyAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,EuropeansChinese,JapaneseEnglishmen,Frenchwomen例詞man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,trousers,clothes,glasses,people,police,cattle“某國(guó)人”3.of所有格的用法:用于無生命的東西:thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook
有時(shí)也用于有生命的東西,尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語時(shí):theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents二.冠詞
冠詞分為不定冠詞(a,an),定冠詞(the)。I.不定冠詞的用法:134567第一次提及某人某物,非特指表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every,one用于人名前,表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事用于固定詞組中用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后用于so(as,too,how)+形容詞之后表示某一類人或物用于世上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞前表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事用于樂器前面表示“一家人”或“夫婦”用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前用于國(guó)家黨派名詞前在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前,指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代用于方位名詞,身體部位名詞,及表示時(shí)間的詞組前Aboyiswaitingforyou.Westudyeighthoursaday.AMr.Smithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutabit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,Thisroomisratherabigone.Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.II.定冠詞的用法:1234578910Thehorseisausefulanimal.theuniverse,themoon。Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?playtheviolin,playtheguitartheGreens,theWangsHeisthetallerofthetwochildren.theUnitedStates,,theFrenchinthe1990’sHepattedmeontheshoulder.三.代詞:
I.代詞可以分為以下七大類:1人稱代詞物主代詞主格賓格形容詞性名詞性I,you,he,she,it,we,you,theyme,you,him,her,it,us,you,themmy,your,his,her,its,our,theirmine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirsmyself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselvesthis,that,these,those,such,somewho,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whateverthat,which,who,whom,whose,asone/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/either23反身代詞4指示代詞5疑問代詞6關(guān)系代詞7不定代詞四.形容詞和副詞I.形容詞:1.形容詞的位置:
1)形容詞作定語通常前置,但在下列情況后置:1修飾some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)以-able,-ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級(jí)或only修飾的名詞之后nobodyabsent,everythingpossiblethebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossibletheonlypersonawake23alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置4和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)5成對(duì)的形容詞可以后置6形容詞短語一般后置II.副詞副詞的分類:1時(shí)間副詞2地點(diǎn)副詞3方式副詞4程度副詞soon,now,early,finally,once,recentlyhere,nearby,outside,upwards,abovehard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,reallyalmost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather567abridge50meterslongahugeroomsimpleandbeautifulamandifficulttogetonwith頻度副詞疑問副詞連接副詞always,often,frequently,seldom,neverhow,where,when,whyhow,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhilewhen,where,why8關(guān)系副詞III.形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí):
形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí),比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est,多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more和most。
1可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有:much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,any,。
2.表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“themore…themore…”句型。如:Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.
3用比較級(jí)來表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思。如:Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.4.表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型:
Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.
5.表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。如:favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。五.介詞
常見介詞有in、on、at、since、from、after、to、besides、except等,同學(xué)們?cè)谌粘W(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)留心。六.動(dòng)詞I.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài):
1.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有16種,以ask為例,將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下:一般進(jìn)行完成現(xiàn)在時(shí)ask/asksam/is/areaskinghave/hasasked過去時(shí)askedwas/wereaskinghadasked將來時(shí)shall/willaskshall/willbeaskingshall/willhaveasked過去將來時(shí)should/wouldaskshould/wouldbeaskingshould/wouldhaveasked2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別:
1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況,但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,它不能同表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用,漢譯英時(shí)可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之,利用過去,說明現(xiàn)在。如:Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已經(jīng)看過,且了解這本書的內(nèi)容)2)一般過去時(shí)只表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),和現(xiàn)在無關(guān),它可和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用,漢譯英時(shí)可加“過”,“了”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之,僅談過去,不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如:
IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.(只說明在北京住過十年,與現(xiàn)在無關(guān))3.一般將來時(shí)的表達(dá)方式:將來時(shí)用法表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)含有“打算,計(jì)劃,即將”做某事,或表例句Mysisterwillbetennextyear.It’sgoingtoclearup.1will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形2begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形示很有可能要發(fā)生某事3be+doing進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來beaboutto+動(dòng)詞原形go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語We’regoingtohaveapartytonight.Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.45beto+動(dòng)詞原形6一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來七.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來II.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must,may,might,could,can表示推測(cè):
以must為例。must+do(be)是推測(cè)現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行;must+bedoing推測(cè)可能正在進(jìn)行的事情;must+havedone是推測(cè)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。1.must“肯定,一定”語氣強(qiáng),只用于肯定句中。
HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.2.may和might“也許”,后者語氣弱,更沒有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.
3.can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t語氣強(qiáng),用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow..(推測(cè)某事本來可能發(fā)生,但實(shí)際上沒有發(fā)生)
Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(語氣很強(qiáng),常用于疑問和否定句中)八.非謂語動(dòng)詞
I.非謂語動(dòng)詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成:非謂語形式todo不定式tobedoingtohavedone現(xiàn)在分詞分詞過去分詞doing動(dòng)名詞havingdonedoinghavingdone構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)tobedonetohavebeendonebeingdonehavingdonedonebeingdonehavingdone九.定語從句
I.定語從句起了形容詞的作用,在句中修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用,二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。
關(guān)系詞關(guān)系代詞who先行詞人從句成分主語例句Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?備注whom,which和that在從句中做beenbeen在非謂語前加notsb’sdoing具有副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表、賓補(bǔ)和狀語否定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)forsb.todosth.特征和作用具有名詞,副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamwhom人賓語workingwhose人,物定語Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.that人,物主語,賓語Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.which物主語,賓語Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.aswhen關(guān)系副詞whywhere人,物時(shí)間地點(diǎn)原因主語,賓語時(shí)間狀語地點(diǎn)狀語原因狀語Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.賓語時(shí),?梢允÷裕樵~提前時(shí)后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略,也不可以用thatas做賓語一般不省略可用onwhich可用inwhich可用forwhich十.名詞性從句
有主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句,這里僅探討賓語從句和同位語從句。種類賓語從句同位語從句作用在復(fù)合句中做賓語,相當(dāng)于名詞放在名詞之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具體內(nèi)容例句Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.十一。狀語從句種類連接詞注意點(diǎn)從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,主句表示將來意義時(shí),時(shí)間狀語bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nowhile引導(dǎo)的從句中動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的;sooner…than,themoment,theminute,until用在肯定句中主句動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的,而否定句中主句動(dòng)詞為短暫性的。because語氣最強(qiáng),since較弱,表示大家都明了的原因,as又次之。代替sothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞as在讓步狀語從句中常用倒裝形式;although和though用正常語序,可和yet連用,但不可和but連用immediately,directly,instantly地點(diǎn)狀語原因狀語條件狀語目的狀語結(jié)果狀語sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatso…that,such…thatthough,although,evenif,eventhough,as,no讓步狀語matterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,wheneverwhere,whereverbecause,as,since,nowthatif,unless,once,incase,aslongas,oncondition從句中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不可用將來時(shí),常用一般時(shí)that十二。倒裝句種類完全倒裝倒裝條件here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副詞開頭的句子表示強(qiáng)調(diào)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語作狀語位于句首never,hardly,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意義的副詞放于句首o(hù)nly和修飾的狀語放于句首notonly…butalso連接并列的句子,前倒后不倒as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語用于表示祝愿的祈使句中十三。虛擬語氣類別與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反與過去事實(shí)相反用法從句動(dòng)詞:過去式(be用were)主句動(dòng)詞:should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形從句動(dòng)詞:had+過去分詞主句動(dòng)詞:should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞從句動(dòng)詞:過去式/should+動(dòng)詞原形/were+不定式主句動(dòng)詞:should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形例句Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.Ifitshouldrain例句Outrushedthechildren.Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.OnlythendidherealizetheimportanceofEnglish.NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.Mayyoubeingoodhealth!部分倒裝If引導(dǎo)的條件從句與將來事實(shí)相反tomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.Theyaretalkingasif其它狀語從句asif引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動(dòng)詞用過去式或過去完成式theyhadbeenfriendsforyears.inorderthat/sothat引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動(dòng)詞用can/could/may/Turnonthelightsothatmight/would等+動(dòng)詞原形demand,suggest,order,insist后接的從句中動(dòng)詞為should+動(dòng)詞原形賓語從句wish后的從句中分別用過去式,過去完成式和should/would+動(dòng)詞原形表示與現(xiàn)在,過去和將來情況相反Itistimethat…句型中動(dòng)詞用過去式或should+動(dòng)詞原形其它句型中Ifonly句型中動(dòng)詞常用過去式或者過去完成式,表示強(qiáng)烈的愿望
wouldrather所接的從句中動(dòng)詞用過去式或者過去完成式wecanseeitclearly.Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.IwishIcouldbeapopsinger.It’shightimethatweleft.Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!
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