翻譯實習報告
翻譯實習報告
為了把我們近一年所學的基本的英漢互譯知識和方法全面地結合起來,院里給我們安排了翻譯實習,使我們能相對忠實、準確、流暢地將各種文體進行英漢互譯,以此提高自身翻譯各種文本的實際能力。同時,通過翻譯實習,養(yǎng)我們成為一名翻譯工作者所應具備的優(yōu)秀品質:誠實篤信,認真負責,嚴格遵守翻譯從業(yè)人員必備的各種職業(yè)規(guī)則以及嚴謹細致的作風,吃苦耐勞的精神,團結合作的風尚等。
我們的指導老師給了我們12份英文材料,每份約201*字。我們實習的任務是完成所有材料的翻譯。根據學院及指導老師的要求,我計劃將所有材料在三周內翻譯完成,每周平均翻譯四分材料。
為了配合院里的工作,更為了通過實踐,總結自己的不足,以便在今后的語言實踐中自己翻譯水平和能力能夠得到相應的提高和發(fā)展,我在完成計劃工作后,我開始了我的翻譯實習工作。
在進行翻譯實習的過程中,我充分調動了我大腦中的知識及老師教給我們的基本翻譯技巧,例如:“英譯漢時,有時某些詞并不能完全按照詞典的基本含義翻譯,如生搬硬套或逐詞死譯,會使譯文生硬,令人費解,甚至可能造成誤解。這時應當根據上下文和邏輯關系,從該詞的基本含義出發(fā),進一步加以適當的引申,選擇比較適當的漢語詞語來表達”以及增詞法、省略法(減詞法)、重復法、正反,反正表達法、分句法,合句法、詞義的引伸、詞類的轉譯等英譯漢常用的方法和技巧。盡管如此,我在實際翻譯時候還是碰到了很多問題。
首先,詞匯量的不充足使我在翻譯的過程中經常遇到阻礙,我不得不借助電腦,詞典等工具查找出我所不能準確描述的關鍵詞句。其次,是常用句型的缺乏也使得我在翻譯過程中舉步維艱。再次,就是對一些專有詞匯的不熟悉還有一些國外歷史文化背景等方面知識的匱乏也使得我的翻譯工作進展的不太順利。這時,我會借助網絡的幫助,在網上查詢在詞典中查不到的專有名詞、新詞,以及相關背景知。最后,語文功底的薄弱和常識性知識的缺乏也是阻礙我翻譯工作的一大難題。例如,在第一份翻譯材料中有個句子是“TheUnitedStateseconomyhastheworld"slargestgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)”,在這個句子中,我不知道是把“TheUnitedStateseconomy”翻譯為“美國經濟”還是“美國經濟體”好,并且我總覺得兩種翻譯都很怪。如果把“TheUnitedStateseconomy”翻譯為“美國經濟”,那么整句話的翻譯就是:“美國經濟擁有世界上最大的國內生產總值(GDP)”。
但是“國內生產總值”只能是一個國家的啊,不能說經濟擁有多少國內生產總值吧。但是,
如果把“TheUnitedStateseconomy”翻譯為“美國經濟”體,那么整句話的翻譯就是:“美國經濟體擁有世界上最大的國內生產總值(GDP)”。這樣又成為經濟體有多少
國內上產總值的。于是,我又想:可不可以把“economy”直接省略不翻呢?就翻譯為“美國擁有世界上最大的國內生產總值(GDP)”,但是我又不敢妄下結論?傊,我真的是在經
過艱苦的“奮戰(zhàn)”后才最終完成了本次的翻譯實習任務。
通過這次的翻譯實習,我更加清楚的認識到自己英語相關方面的知識還遠遠不足,也讓我更加清醒的認識到,豐富自己的詞匯量及語境英語句型的重要性,更讓我懂得“理論聯系實際”的真理沒有理論知識肯定不行,但是光有理論知識而不通過實踐來鞏固舊知識和獲得新知識更不行。任何事情和工作都不是夸夸其談就能完成的和做好的。此外,我也變得更能忍耐和堅持。在實習的過程中,由于翻譯工作過于枯燥以及在翻譯中遇到各種困難而使翻譯過程的緩慢,我曾多次想放棄,想隨便敷衍了事。但是我從小養(yǎng)成的強烈責任感和擁有的良好道德觀敦促我忍受枯燥乏味和沖破各種阻礙把我的任務完成。最后,我也深刻的體會到時間的緊迫性。我的大學生活即將結束,這意味著我已經沒有多少在學校學習的時間了(因為我不考研將)。我真的意識到我在過去的三年中浪費了多少本可以用來學習充電的大好時光。我知道不管是否來得及,我都要充分這最后的半年(我覺得最多只有半年學習時間了)好好學習。不論我能否彌補我在這次實習中所反映出得不足,或是能不能獲得更多的知識和技能,我都要抓緊時間充充電。
總之,在這次的翻譯實習讓我感觸頗深也收獲很大。我感受到了“沒有付出就沒有收獲”的真理;我感受到了做人要做個有心人,時時留意身邊的大事小事,并隨時積累知識(哪怕是一個字,一個詞)的重要性;我還感受到必須“學以致用”而不能只是“紙上談兵”。同時,我收獲了新的字、新的詞、新的短語和新的句子;我收獲了新的知識;我更收獲了獲得新知識時的巨大快樂以及完成任務時的無比欣慰。
擴展閱讀:英語翻譯實習報告
西安建筑科技大學文學院英文系筆譯實習報告
筆譯實習材料及譯文Day1Part1ProfessorLeeSingKong,Director,NIE,Faculty,staff,distinguishedguests,Andmyfellowgraduands,Averygoodafternoontoall!Itismygreatpleasureandprivilegetogivethevaledictoryspeechonbehalfofmydearestclassmates!Itseemsthateveryoneistiredofthegenericvaledictoryspeechanditisnoteasytocomeupwithanentertainingandmemorableone.IsearchedinternetforsomevideosandIfoundthattomaketheirspeechesmoreinteresting,peoplecrackjokes,quotehip-poplines,singasongwithaguitarorcomposearaplikeEminem.IamsorrythatIcantdothesethings.SoIborrowonetrickthatIhopewillworkforme.Now,ladiesandgentlemen,pleaseputupyourrighthand,atthecountofthree,touchtheshoulderofyourneighbor.One,two,three.NowIamsurethateveryonehasbeentouchedbymyspeech.IstillremembermyfirstdayinNIE.Itwasabeautifulday.WhenIwasstandingonthelushgreenlawn,Ifoundmyselfinamoodforvacationandrelaxation.Iwasimpressedbytheefficiencyinthearrangementofaseriesofevents,hearingNIEDirectorsspeech,meetingteachersandformerstudents,learninghowtouselibraryandotherfacilities.Iwasalsoexcitedaboutthecourseswhichwerecompletelynewtoaliteraturestudent.WhatIfoundmoststrikingwasthemultiethnicbackgroundanddiverseeducationalbackgroundofourteachers.TheycomefromChina(includingmainland,HongKongandTaiwan),Vietnam,Germany,Malaysia,theStates,AustraliaandSingapore.Theyalsoreceivedtheirdegreesfromprestigiousuniversitiesinvariouscountries.Theirpersonalexperiencesnotonlyshowcasediversityandmultiethnicharmony,twocoreideasvaluedinSingaporebutalsoenlightenusfromamyriadofperspectives.HereIjustwanttomentionhowdiversityandharmonycanbeintegratedinourreal-lifeteachingandresearching.First,weneedtoappreciatediversityandconstructharmonyinourteaching.weshouldbeawareofthediversityinourteachingconditionswithdifferenttangiblefacilities,classsizes,lengthsofcourses,andareaswithvariedsocio-economicsituations.Ourstudentsarediversetoo.Theydifferintheirmotivations,proficiencylevels,personalitiesandthelike.Theyhavealsokeptchanging.Forexample,studentsfromdevelopedareasmaylearnmoreefficientlyifweadoptnewtechnologies,likescreencasting,blogsandonlinefeedback,astheyaredigitalnativesthemselves.However,studentsfrompoorareasmaybenefitmorefromacombinationofmoreoldthannewtechnologiesaccordingtotheavailabilitiesofcomputersandinternetaccessintheirclassrooms.WhatwehavelearnedinNIEisamultitudeoftheoriesandmethods.Theefficiencyandusefulnessofthemdependsonhowandwhenweapplythem.Inourrealteaching,weshouldaimataharmoniousintegrationofthesetheoriesandmethodswithallsituationalvariablestakenintoaccount.Second,diversityandharmonyarealsovaluedinourresearching.Oneperfectexampleisinourresearchmethodsclass.Dr.HuGuangweiandDr.ShihChih-Min,ofdifferentpersonalitiesandteachingstyles,worktowardsourbetterunderstandingofbothquantitativeandqualitativestudiesandtheirassignmentscanbeintegratedintoonethroughtriangulation.英語原文
Personally,Ibelieve,theultimategoalofacademicresearchistoaccommodatedifferencesandcontributetoabetterunderstandingoftheworldthatwelivein.HereIwanttostressoneparticularthingthatIlearntfromDr.Hu.HeaskedmetwiceinhisfeedbacktomyliteraturereviewWhatisyourtakeonthis?Youneedtoletyourreadershearyourvoice.Afterthefirstterm,IrealizedhowlittleIknewaboutacademicresearchandwritingconventionsforacademicpapers.HereIlearnedhowtoquoteandhowtohedge.However,Iprobablywenttoanotherextreme.IwassocarefulabouteverystatementImadethatIlostmyownvoiceinmyquotes.Dr.HuhasinspiredmetoseekmyownvoiceandDr.DahlsandDr.Chandrascourseshaveequippedmewithwaysofmakingmyselfheard.SteveJobs,theApplefounderoncesaid,Dontbetrappedbydogmawhichislivingwiththeresultsofotherpeoplesthinking.Dontletthenoiseofothersopinionsdrownoutyourowninnervoice.Andmostimportantly,havethecouragetofollowyourheartandintuition.Theysomehowalreadyknowwhatyoutrulywanttobecome.Thisisalsomywishformyfellowclassmates.Bothinourlivesandinacademicresearch,ourvoiceandouruniquecontributionisofforemostimportance.Ihopeallofuscanbemoredaringandinnovativeintryingnewmethodsandstandingupforwhatwebelievein.Onbehalfofmyclassmates,IwouldliketotakeamomenttothankMOEforcoveringallofourbills,NIEadministrationforhavingdonetheirbesttohelpussettledownandELLdepartmentforofferingusmostusefulcourses.NoneofuswillbeheretodayifnotforourNIEprofessorsandlecturers.Theseextraordinarypeoplehaveinfluencedusincountlessways.Theyhonedourcriticalthinkingandanalyticalskills,theyinstilledteamspiritinusthroughgrouppresentations,theyenlightenedustodevelopourpotentialtothefullestandtheydevotedthemselvestobothoureducationalandspiritualneeds.Mostimportantly,theyhavesetthemselvesasperfectexamplesforthekindofteacherweallwishtobe.AspecialthanksgoestoDr.RamonaTang,whoisaGod-sentangelforusandwillalwaysbeoursister.Wealsothankourparentsandfamilies,thoughmostofthemareabsenttoday,fortheirunconditionalloveandsupport.Withoutallofyou,wewouldnthavegonesofar.Congratulations,201*PGDELTclass.Wevefinallymadeit.Wevecompletedourstudieshere.However,ouracademicjourneydoesnotendhereinNIE.Inhisfinalclass,Dr.DavidCaldwelltoldusabouthisexperienceofobtainingaPh.D.degreeandincidentally,aweekago,Dr.ShihsentusaletterencouragingustoplanearlyforourPh.D.studies.Sothereisstillalongwaytogo.Ourgraduationtodayisjustastopoverratherthanourdestination.Itiswhereweembarkonanewjourney.Onethingweshouldneverforgetisthatnomatterwhatstruggleisawaitingus,wearenotfightingalonebecausewehavesomanyexcellentNIEteachersonourside.Mostimportantly,35PGDELTstudents,weareafamily.Thankyou!漢語譯文
Day1Part2AnIntroductiontoChinatownOnthesurface,Chinatownisprosperous-a"modelslum,"somehavecalledit-withthelowestcrimerate,highestemploymentandleastjuveniledelinquencyofanycitydistrict.Walkthroughitscrowdedstreetsatanytimeofday,andeveryshopisdoingabriskandbusinessliketrade:restaurantafterrestaurantisbooming;therearestorefrontdisplaysofshinysquids,clawingcrabsandclamberinglobster;andstreetmarketsofferoverflowingpilesofexoticgreenvegetables,garlicandgingerroot.Chinatownhasthefeelofalandofplenty,andthereasonwhylieswiththeChinesethemselves:evenhere,intheverycoreofdowntownManhattan,theyhavebeencarefultopreservetheirownwayofdealingwiththings,preferringtokeepaffairsclosetothebondofthefamilyandallowingfewintrusionsintoastill-insularculture.TherehavebeenseveralconcessionstoWesterners-storefrontsignsnowofferEnglishtranslations,andHaagenDazsandBaskinRobbinsice-creamstoreshaveopenedonlowerMottStreet-buttheycan"thelpbutseemincongruous.TheonetimeoftheyearwhenChinatownburstsopenisduringtheChineseNewYearfestival,heldeachyearonthefirstfullmoonafterJanuary19,whenagiantdragonrunsdownMottStreettotheaccompanimentoffirecrackers,andtheguttersrunwithceremonialdyes.Beneaththeneighborhood"sblithelyprosperousfacade,however,thereisadarkerunderbelly.Sharppracticescontinuetoflourish,withtraditionalextortionandprotectionracketsstillinbusiness.Non-unionsweatshops-theirassemblylinesgrindingfromearlymorningtolateintotheevening-arestillvisitedbytheUSDepartmentofLabor,whocometoinvestigateworkers"testimoniesofbeingpaidbelowminimumwageforseventy-plus-hourworkweeks.LivingconditionsareabysmalforthepoorerChinese-mostlyrecentimmigrantsandtheelderly-whoresideinsmallroomsinovercrowdedtenementsill-keptbylandlords.Yet,becausethecommunityhasbeencloisteredforsolongandhasonlyjustbeguntoseekhelpfromcityofficialsforitsinternalproblems,youwon"tdetectanyhintofdifficultiesunlessyouresideinChinatownforaconsiderablelengthoftime.漢語譯文英語原文當天翻譯過程分析或體會Day2100字以內!
MEMORANDUMOFUNDERSTANDING(“MOU”)RE:PURCHASEOFNORWEGIANPAVILIONATTHESHANGHAIEXPOSITETheSeller:InnovationNorwayc/oNorwayatEXPO201*TheBuyer:Xi’anUniversityofArchitectureandTechnology(TheSellerandtheBuyerarehereinafterjointlyreferredtoasthe“Parties”)WHEREAS:1.InnovationNorwayc/oNorwayatEXPO201*(hereafterreferredtoasthe“Seller”)constructedtheNorwegianPavilionlocatedinC-10SectionintheShanghaiEXPOsite(hereinafterreferredtoasthe“Pavilion”)fortheWorldExpoShanghai201*(hereinafterreferredtoasthe“EXPO”);2.TheSellerhastheexclusivetitleoverthePavilion.TheSellerdoes,however,nothaveanyownershiptotheplotatwhichthePavilionissituated.AccordingtotherelevantagreementsthattheSellerenteredintowiththeShanghaiExpoauthority(hereafterreferredtoasthe“ExpoAuthority”),theSellerisobligatedtoremovethePavilionandcleartheplotafterclosureoftheEXPOinOctober201*;3.TheBuyeriswillingtopurchasetheentirePavilionfromtheSeller,andtheSelleriswillingtoselltheentirePaviliontotheBuyeronan“as-is”basis;4.Theterm“Pavilion”inthisMOUdoesnotincludeinstalledequipment.ShouldthePartiesagreetoafinalSaleandPurchaseContract(hereinafterreferredtoasthe“FinalContract”),theequipmentnotincludedinthesaleofthePavilionshallbeexplicitlylistedinthesaidFinalContract;NOWTHEREFORE,uponamicablediscussionsandbasedonmutualunderstanding,theSellerandtheBuyerhavepreliminarilyreachedthefollowingachievementandagreement,asframeworkforpurchaseandsalesofthePavilionbetweentheParties:1.PRICEANDPAYMENTTERMS1.1ThePurchasePricepayablebytheBuyerasconsiderationforthePavilionshallbeRMB___________,incapitalRenminbi____________(the“PurchasePrice”).BothPartiesunderstandthatthePurchasePriceisthenetamounttowhichtheSellerisentitled,i.a.anytaxesorfeesarisingfromthetransactionhereincontainedshallbeallbornebytheBuyer.1.2TheBuyershallpaytotheSellerthePurchasePriceinlump-sumwithin_____daysafterexecutionoftheFinalContract.1.3Fortheavoidanceofalldoubt,thePurchasePriceshallbetheconsiderationmerelyforthePavilionitself.Allworksrelatingtooroccurredfromthedismantlement,removal,transportationandreinstallationofthePaviliontotheBuyerssiteshallallbeaccountabletotheBuyersresponsibility.UpontheBuyersrequest,theSellermay,butshallnotbeobligatedto,providenecessaryandreasonableassistanceincommunicatingwiththeExpoAuthorityfortheBuyersdismantlementandtransportingofthePavilionoutoftheShanghaiExpoPark.2.DELIVERY2.1ThePavilionshallbedeliveredfromtheSellertotheBuyeron____________3
英語原文
(hereinafterreferredtoasthe“DeliveryDate”),whichcanbeadjustedinthesolediscretionoftheSellerinconsiderationofanyfactualchangesduringtheExpo,oranynewdecisionmadebytheExpoAuthorityandtheSeller.TheSellershallnotassumeanyliabilityforsuchearlyordelayeddelivery.2.2TheSellershallhandoverthePaviliononan“asis”basis.Therefore,theSellerisnotboundtoanyguaranteeand/orliabilityintermsofthequalityoranyspecialfunctioncontainedinthePavilionoranyofitsparts.2.3ThetitleandriskofthePavilionshallbedulytransferredfromtheSellertotheBuyerupontheDeliveryDate,butbeforetheBuyercommencesdismantlingofthePavilion.2.4Anylossesand/ordamagestowardsanythirdpartyincurredduringdismantling,removal,transportation,reinstallationoroperationofthePavilionaftertheDeliveryDate,shallbetransferredfromtheSellerto-,andshallbefullyborneby,theBuyer.TheBuyershallindemnifyandholdtheSellerharmlessfromsuchlossesordamagesarisingfromanyclaimand/oractioninitiatedbyanythirdpartyasconsequenceofthis.3.DISMENTLEMENT3.1TheBuyermayenterintoadirectcontractwithacontractorforthedismantlingandremovalofthePavilion.TheSellerhasnoresponsibilitiesandplaysnoroleinthisdirectcontractbetweentheBuyeranditscontractor.3.2AllobligationsandliabilitiesforwhichtheSellerisobligatedtowardstheExpoAuthorityintermsofthedismantlingandremovalofthePavilionandclearing-outtheplotbefore30April201*shallbetransferredfromtheSellerto-,andfullyborneby,theBuyer.TheBuyershallcarryoutthedismantlingandremovalworksandclear-outtheplotinaccordancewiththeSellersobligationstowardstheEXPOAuthority.TheSellerssuchobligationsshallbefullyelaboratedonintheFinalContract.Furthermore,theBuyershallindemnifytheSellerandholdtheSellerharmlessforanylossordamagethatmaybecausedtotheSellerbytheExpoAuthorityoranyotherpartyforanyclaimand/oractioninitiatedasaconsequenceoforrelatedtotheBuyersobligationsunderthisMOU.4.INTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS4.1UponDeliveryDate,theBuyershallbeentitledtoreceivefromtheSellerallrelevantdrawingsanddocumentationrelatedtothePavilionthatisnecessaryfordismantlement,reinstallation,operationandmaintenanceofthePavilion,providedthatsuchdrawingsanddocumentationhavealsobeenhandedtotheSellerfromitscontractor(s),andprovidedthattheSellerisentitledtohandoversuchdocumentationanddrawingswithoutbreachinganythirdpartyrightstowardstheSeller.TheBuyerdoes,however,herebyacknowledgethatpurchasingofthePaviliononlygrantstheBuyerownershiptothephysicalPavilionitselfandtherightthereofshallthusnotincludetheintellectualpropertyrightscontainedinthePavilion,ifany.TheSellershallalwaysowntheexclusiveintellectualrightsoverthePavilion,includingbutnotlimitedtoanycopyright,patent,design,know-howetc.If,attheBuyersrequest,theSelleragreestoprovideanytechnicalsupporttotheBuyerduringthedismantlingandreinstallmentofthePavilion,suchinformationisconsidered“ConfidentialInformation”andremainsexclusiverightsoftheSeller.TheBuyershallnotdiscloseanysuchConfidentialInformationtoanythirdpartyorutilizetheinformationforanypurposeotherthanthedismantling,reinstallationandutilizationofthePavilion.
5.MISCELLANOUS5.1TheBuyerisawarethatakeyconcernfortheSelleristominimizecostsspentattheEXPO.DespitetheSellersenteringintoofthisMOU,Norwaythereforereservesitsrightstoreceiveoffers/bidsfromotherpotentialbuyersupuntilthesigningofafinalSaleandPurchaseContractbetweentheSellerandtheBuyer.TheBuyershallbeinformedandhavetherighttocounter-offersuchbidsbeforetheSellerentersintoanyagreementwithanotherbuyer.5.2ThevalidityandeffectivenessofthisMOUissubjecttoapprovalbybothPartiesboardofdirectors.WhetherthisMOUiscarriedoutandwhetherthePavilionisactuallytransferredfromtheSellertotheBuyerisfurtherfullysubjecttoagreementbetweenthePartiesonthedetailedtermsoftheFinalContract.ShouldsuchagreementnotbeachievedinaFinalContract,thePartiesshallcarrynoresponsibilityorliabilitytowardseachother.5.3TheBuyeracknowledgesthatitisofvitalimportancefortheSellerandNorwayhowthePavilionisperceivedamongitsvisitorsalsoaftertheclosureoftheEXPO.TheBuyeristhereforeobligatedtoutilizethePavilionsolelyforoffice-,meeting-and/orexhibitionpurposes.TheBuyerisfurtherobligatedtodiligentlymaintainthePavilionandkeepitinfirst-class,Norwegianqualitycondition.ShouldtheBuyerfailtoperformitsobligationsunderthisSub-Clause5.3,andshouldthisbreachnotberectifiedone(1)monthafterreceivingwrittennotificationfromtheSeller,theSellershallupuntilfive(5)yearsafterDeliveryDatebeentitledtoterminatethisMOUandtheFinalContractandclaimrestitutionofallperformedobligationsunderthisMOUandtheFinalContract.Incaseofsuchbreach,theBuyershallalsobeliableforanylosscausedtotheSellerasaconsequenceofthebreach.5.4ThisMOUandtheFinalContractshallbegovernedbyandinterpretedinaccordancewithNorwegianLaw,includingNorwegianrulesconcerningconflictoflaws.5.5InalldisputesarisingfromorrelatedtothisMOUandtheFinalContract,thePartiesshallfirstseektoresolvethedisputeamicably.Ifthedisputecannotbesettledamicably,thedisputeshallbefinallydecidedbyarbitrationaccordingtotheNorwegianArbitrationActof14May201*no.25.TheplaceforthearbitrationshallbeOsloandthelanguageforalldocumentationandproceedingsrelatedtothearbitrationshallbeEnglish.Thedispute,thearbitrationproceedingsandthearbitralawardshallbeconfidential.6.SIGNATURESForandonbehalfofInnovationNorwayc/oNorwayatEXPO201*Name:Position:Date:ForandonbehalfofName:Position:PresidentofXianUniversityofArchitectureandTechnology
Date:3rd.Sep,201*漢語譯文當天翻譯過程分析或體會100字以內!Day3TheSilenceoftheLambs(1991)Afundamentaldifferencebetween"TheSilenceoftheLambs"anditssequel,"Hannibal,"isthattheformerisfrightening,involvinganddisturbing,whilethelatterismerelydisturbing.Itiseasyenoughtoconstructageekshowifyoustartwithacannibal.Thesecretof"Silence"isthatitdoesn"tstartwiththecannibal--itarrivesathim,throughtheeyesandmindsofayoungwoman."SilenceoftheLambs"isthestoryofClariceStarling,theFBItraineeplayedbyJodieFoster,andthestoryfollowsherwithoutsubstantialinterruption.Dr.HannibalLecterlurksattheheartofthestory,amalevolentbutsomehowlikablepresence--likablebecausehelikesClarice,andhelpsher.ButLecter,asplayedbyAnthonyHopkins,isthesideshow,andClariceisinthecenterring.ThepopularityofJonathanDemme"smovieislikelytolastaslongasthereisamarketforbeingscared.Like"Nosferatu,""Psycho"and"Halloween,"itillustratesthatthebestthrillersdon"tage.Fearisauniversalemotionandatimelessone.But"SilenceoftheLambs"isnotmerelyathrillshow.Itisalsoabouttwoofthemostmemorablecharactersinmoviehistory,ClariceStarlingandHannibalLecter,andtheirstrange,strainedrelationship("peoplewillsaywe"reinlove,"Lectercackles).Theysharesomuch.Bothareostracizedbytheworldstheywanttoinhabit--Lecter,bythehumanracebecauseheisaserialkillerandacannibal,andClarice,bythelawenforcementprofessionbecausesheisawoman.Bothfeelpowerless--Lecterbecauseheislockedinamaximumsecurityprison(andboundandgaggedlikeKingKongwhenheismoved),andClaricebecausesheissurroundedbymenwhotoweroverherandfondleherwiththeireyes.Bothusetheirpowersofpersuasiontoescapefromtheirtraps--Lecterisabletoridhimselfofthepestinthenextcellbytalkinghimintochokingonhisowntongue,andClariceisabletopersuadeLectertoaidherinthesearchfortheserialkillernamedBuffaloBill.Andbothsharesimilarchildhoodwounds.LecteristouchedwhenhelearnsthatClaricelostbothherparentsatanearlyage,wasshippedofftorelatives,wasessentiallyanunlovedorphan.AndLecterhimselfwasavictimofchildabuse(ontheDVDcommentarytrack,6
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Demmesaysheregretsnotunderliningthismore).Theseparallelthemesaremirroredbypatternsinthevisualstrategy.NotethatbothLecterinhisprisoncellandBuffaloBillinhisbasementarearrivedatbyStarlingafterdescendingseveralflightsofstairsandpassingthroughseveraldoors;theyliveinunderworlds.NotethewaythemoviealwaysseemstobelookingatClarice:Thepoint-of-viewcameratakestheplaceofthescrutinizingmeninherlife,andwhensheentersdangerousspaces,itistherewaitingforherinsteadoffollowingherin.Notetheconsistentuseofred,whiteandblue:notonlyintheFBIscenes,butalsointheflagdrapedoverthecarinthestorageshed,otherflagsinBill"slairandeventhegraduationcakeattheend(wheretheU.S.eagleinthefrostingisaghastlyreminderofthewayLecterpinnedasecurityguardspread-eagledtothewallsofhiscage).Themovie"ssoundtrackalsocarriesthemesallthewaythrough.Thereareexhalationsandsighsatmanypoints,aswhenthecocoonofthegypsymothistakenfromthethroatofBill"sfirstvictim.Muchheavybreathing.Therearesubterraneanrumblingsandfarawaycriesandlaments,almosttoolowtobeheard,atcriticalpoints.Thereisthesoundofaheartmonitor.HowardShore"smournfulmusicsetsafunerealtone.Whenthesoundtrackwantstocreateterror,aswhenClariceisinBill"sbasement,itmixesherfrightenedpantingwiththesoundofBill"sheavybreathingandthescreamsofthecaptivegirl--andthenaddsthedog"sfrenziedbarking,whichpsychologicallyworksatadeeperlevelthaneverythingelse.Thenitaddsthosegreengogglessohecanseeherinthedark.JodieFosterandAnthonyHopkinswonOscarsforbestactressandactor(themoviealsowonforbestpicture,forDemme"sdirectionandTedTalley"sscreenplay,andwasnominatedforeditingandsound).ItisremarkablethattheAcademywouldremember,letalonesingleout,afilmreleased13monthsbeforetheOscarcast;itusuallyvotesforfilmsthatarestillintheaters,ornewonvideo.But"Silence"wassoclearlyoneofakindthatitcouldnotbeignored.Hopkins"performancehasmuchlessscreentimethanFoster"s,butmadeanindelibleimpressiononaudiences.His"entrance"isunforgettable.AfterClaricedescendsthosestairsandpassesthroughthosedoorsandgates(whichallsqueak),thecamerashowsherPOVasshefirstseesLecterinhiscell.Heisso...still.Standingerect,atrelaxedattention,inhisprisonjumpsuit,helookslikeawaxworkofhimself.Onhernextvisit,heiserect,andthenveryslightlyrecoils,andthenopenshismouth,andIatleastwasmadetothinkofacobra.HisapproachtoLecter"spersonality(Hopkinssaysonhiscommentarytrack)wasinspiredbyHAL9000in"201*":Heisadispassionate,brilliantmachine,superbatlogic,deficientinemotions.Foster"sClariceisnotonlyanorphanbutadisadvantagedbackwoodsgirlwhohasworkedhardtogetwheresheis,andhaslessself-confidencethanshepretends.NoticingthenailpolishononeofBills"victims,sheguessesthatthegirlisfrom"town,"awordusedonlybysomeonewhoisnot.Herbravestmomentmaycomewhensheordersthegawkingsheriff"sdeputiesoutoftheroomatthefuneralhome("Listenherenow!").Onekeytothefilm"sappealisthataudienceslikeHannibalLecter.That"spartlybecausehelikesStarling,andwesensehewouldnothurther.It"salsobecauseheishelpinghersearchforBuffaloBill,andsavetheimprisonedgirl.ButitmayalsobebecauseHopkins,inastill,slyway,bringssuchwitandstyletothecharacter.Hemaybeacannibal,butasadinnerpartyguesthewouldgivevalueformoney(ifhedidn"teatyou).Hedoesnotbore,he
likestoamuse,hehashisstandards,andheisthesmartestpersoninthemovie.Hebearscomparison,indeed,withsuchothermoviemonstersasNosferatu,Frankenstein(especiallyin"BrideofFrankenstein"),KingKongandNormanBates.Theyhavetwothingsincommon:Theybehaveaccordingtotheirnatures,andtheyaremisunderstood.Nothingthatthesemonstersdois"evil"inanyconventionalmoralsense,becausetheylackanymoralsense.Theyarehard-wiredtodowhattheydo.Theyhavenochoice.Intheareaswheretheydohavechoice,theytrytodotherightthing(Nosferatuistheexceptioninthatheneverhasachoice).KongwantstorescueFayWray,NormanBateswantstomakepleasantchit-chatanddohismother"sbidding,andDr.LecterhelpsClaricebecauseshedoesnotinsulthisintelligence,andshearouseshisaffection.Allofthesequalitiesmightnotbeenoughtoassurethelongevityof"Silence"ifitwerenotalsotrulyfrightening("Hannibal"isnotfrightening,andforallofitsbox-officesuccessitwillhavealimitedshelflife)."Silence"isfrighteningfirstinthebuildupandintroductionofHannibalLecter.Secondinthediscoveryandextractionofthecocooninthethroat.Thirdinthescenewherethecopsawaitthearrivaloftheelevatorfromtheupperfloors.FourthintheintercuttingbetweentheexteriorsofthewronghouseinCalumetCityandtheinteriorsoftherightoneinBelvedere,Ohio.FifthintheextendedsequenceinsideBuffaloBill"shouse,whereTedLevinecreatesagenuinelyloathsomepsychopath(noticethetimingasStarlingsizeshimupandreadsthesituationbeforesheshouts"Freeze!").Wearefrightenedbothbecauseofthefilm"sclevermanipulationofstoryandimage,andforbetterreasons--welikeClarice,identifywithherandfearforher.JustlikeLecter.漢語譯文當天翻譯過程分析或體會100字以內!Day4Part1TheChineseGettheVote,ifOnlyfor"SuperGirl"ByJIMYARDLEYBEIJINGCHINA"Srunawaysummerhit,"SuperGirl,"endedlastweekendwithatelevisionviewershipthateclipsedthepopulationofNorthAmerica.Statenewsmediareportedthatmorethan400millionpeoplewatchedthefinaleoftheshow,an"AmericanIdol"knockoff,andsawafrizzy-hairedmusicstudentfromSichuanProvinceselectedasthewinner.8
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Butitwashowthatwinner,LiYuchun,wasselectedthathastransformed"SuperGirl"fromjustanotherevanescentofferingonChina"spopculturemenuintoapotentiallylastingpoliticalmarker.UnlikeChina"sleader,HuJintao,Ms.Liwaspopularlyelected.Fansvotedviatextmessage,andthethreefinalistsdrewmorethaneightmillionvotes,afigurethatwouldhavebeenfarhigherexceptthatpeoplehadtopaytovote.TheenormouspublicfascinationwiththeindependentlyproducedshowhasstimulatedanationwideonlinediscussiononissuesrangingfromdemocracytostandardsofbeautytowhetherMs.Liisalesbian.Inacountrywhereitisillegaltoorganizemanytypesofpublicmeetings,fansformedboosterclubsandcanvassedmallstocourtprospectivevoters.Therewereevenaccusationsofvoterfraud,asrabidfanscircumventedtherulelimitingeachpersonto15votes."It"slikeagiganticgamethathassweptsomanypeopleintoaeuphoriaofvoting,whichisatestamenttoasocietyopeningup,"asocialcommentator,ZhuDake,toldstatemedia.NooneissayingthatthefrenzysurroundingtheshowrepresentsathreattotherulingCommunistPartyorforeshadowstheemergenceofmeaningfulelectivepoliticsinChina.Butthedegreetowhichtheshowresonatedwithpeopleseemstohaveunsettledthegovernment"spropagandaleaders.Thereisalreadyspeculationitwillbecancelednextyear.Indeed,theshowissignificantnotsimplybecausepeoplewereallowedtovoteforthewinnerbutalsobecauseofthewinnertheyvotedfor.Ms.Li,21,isalmosttheantithesisoftheassembly-linebeautiesregularlyoffereduponthegovernment"sChinaCentralTelevision,orCCTV.Tallandgangly,withathatchoffrizzyhair,theadjectivesmostusedtodescribeherinthemediawere"boyish"or"androgynous."Somecommentatorsspeculatedthatherfanbaseconsistedofyounggirlswhoconsideredhertobetheir"boyfriend"becauseofherappearance."Ihavenosuchfeelings,"shetoldoneinterviewer."Thatistheirchoice.Iamanindependentperson."WangYao,24,agraduatestudentinBeijing,watchedthefinalswithagroupoffemalefriends.SheknewthegossipaboutMs.Libutwasmoreimpressedwithherconfidenceandstagepresence.ShealsothoughtMs.Liwouldneverhavebeenabletowinasimilarcontestonstatetelevisionbecauseofherunorthodoxappearanceandmanner."Thistimeitdependedtotallyontext-messagevoting,"Ms.Wangsaid."That"swhyIthinktheresultsaretotallydifferent."TheprogramwasproducedbyadaringsatellitetelevisionstationinHunanProvince,insouthernChina,andsponsoredbyadairycompany.Hence,thefulltitleoftheshow:"TheMongolianCowSourYogurtSuperGirlContest."Severalmonthsago,morethan120,000contestantsauditionedinfivedifferentcitiesinaweek-after-weekeliminationprocessthatgrewinpopularityasthefieldwaswhittleddown.UnlikemuchprogrammingthatcomesoutofBeijingorShanghai,"SuperGirl"featuredyoungwomenfromtheprovinces.Formanyfans,itwasthelackofpolishoftheperformers,andthelackofpredictabilityofthevotingresults,thatmadetheprogramaddictive.Ratingssteadilygrewuntilthefinalepisode,whichthestatemediasaiddrewmoreviewersthanthegovernment"sperennialblockbustervarietyshowatthebeginningofeachNewYearcelebration.Thepopularityoftheshowalsomadeitadiscussionpointforintellectuals,withopinion
dividedonwhetheritsignaledhowmuchcloserChinahadcometodemocracyormerelyreinforcedhowfarithadtogo.OthercommentatorsweremoreconcernedthattheprogramsignaledthefurthererosionoftraditionalChineseculture.Recently,perhapsjealousofthehighratings,perhapssimplycarryingoutordersfromabove,CCTVheldaforumthatcriticizedtheshowfordebasingChineseculture.Inasignthatperhapsproducerswantedtodeflectthepoliticalpressure,thefinalshowwastoneddownandincludedsometraditionalacts.Evenso,afterthefinale,thegovernment"sofficialEnglish-languagenewspaper,ChinaDaily,acknowledgedthedebateinspiredbytheshowandalsotartlyasked:"Howcomeanimitationofademocraticsystemendsupselectingthesingerwhohastheleastabilitytocarryatune?"Ms.LiandotherfinalistsarescheduledtoreleaseaCDsoon.Tryoutsfornextyear"sshowaretobegininafewmonths,assuming"SuperGirl"isnotcanceled.Butthereisgoodreasontothinkthatit,orsometypeofimitator,willbeontheairwavesagainforthesimplereasonthattheprogramreportedlymadegobsofmoney.漢語譯文Day4Part2OnPostgraduateEnrollmentReform:PostgraduateEntrance-examinationCheatingPerspectiveAbstract:Currentlyitiscommonlyseenthatcheatingactivitiesprevailinthepostgraduateentranceexaminationwithincreasingcooperation,hi-techinvolvementanduniversalexistence,subjectivereasonsforwhicharetheutilitarianpurposeandblindly-followingpsychologyoftheindividualcandidates,andthelossofintegrity-and-honestymechanismandsoon;andexternalreasons(alsoknownasinstitutionalones)forwhichcanbefoundintheexcessiveincreaseinenrollment,imperfectionofexaminationregulations,improperdesignofexaminationpapersanddeficiencyofexaminationlaws/rules,etc.,resultinginprevailingcheatingactivitiesandconstantlyimprovedmeans.Inthisthesis,theauthormakesananalysisoftheseinstitutionalreasons,aimingatbanningthebreedingandspreadofcheatingwiththepracticeofproposedpostgraduateenrollmentreform,adaptationofexam-paperstructureandemploymentoftwo-stagequalificationexamination,etc.Keywords:postgraduateexamination,enrollmentexamination,cheating,institutionalreform英語原文
漢語譯文當天翻譯過程分析或體會100字以內!Day5PROCESSESANDOUTCOMESINNETWORKEDCLASSROOMINTERACTION:DEFININGTHERESEARCHAGENDAFORL2COMPUTER-ASSISTEDCLASSROOMDISCUSSIONLourdesOrtegaUniversityofHawai"iatManoaABSTRACTThepresentpaperfocusesontheuseofonenetworkedtechnology,namelysynchronouscomputer-mediatedinteraction,inthesecondlanguage(L2)classroom.Thescopeisintentionallylimitedtoresearchconcernedwithevaluatingthepotentialbenefitsofcomputer-assistedclassroomdiscussion(CACD)intermsofsecondlanguageacquisition(SLA)theory.ThefindingsstemmingfromtheexistingbodyofL2researchonCACDarecriticallyexaminedandanumberofmethodologicalsuggestionsareofferedforfutureresearchonCACD.Itissuggestedthatinadditiontoanalyzinglanguageoutcomesbymeansofwell-motivatedmeasuresofL2useandL2acquisition,amultiplicityofdatasourcesbeusedinCACDresearch,soastobeabletodocumenttheprocesseslearnersactuallyengageinwheninterpretingandcarryingoutCACDtasks.Aprocess-andtask-drivenresearchagendaforL2CACDisproposedwiththeultimategoalofdescribingthenatureoflanguage,learning,andinteractionfosteredinnetworkedsynchronouscommunicationandtoascertainwhichfeaturesofCACDmayormaynotberelevanttotheprocessesinvolvedinsecondlanguageacquisition.Computer-MediatedDiscussionintheLanguageClassroomTheuseofnetworkedcomputersforthepurposeoflargegroupdiscussionsinlanguageeducationalcontextsbeganwithhearingimpairedstudentslearningL1compositionatGallaudetUniversity(Batson,1988).Thesoftwareapplicationforcomputer-assistedclassroomdiscussion(CACD)whichismostwidelyusedinforeignlanguageclassroomsistheDaedalusIntegratedWritingEnvironment(DaedalusInc.,1989)anditsapplicationInterChange.Thissoftwarewasdevelopedinthe1980sintheEnglishDepartmentattheUniversityofTexasatAustinbyFredKemp,ascholarincompositionstudies,and11
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colleagues.SocialtheoriesofwritinginstructionthatemphasizethecollaborativenatureofmeaningandwritingwereatthecoreoftheDaedalussoftwareasitwasintendedtobeusedincompositionclasses(seeBarker&Kemp,1990;andforadiscussionoftheconcomitantsocialepistemictheoryofwriting,seeBerlin,1987).Inforeignlanguageclasses,DaedalusbegantobeusedalsointheUniversityofTexasatAustinintheearly1990s,buttheorientationwasmoreontarget-languagepracticethanonthedevelopmentofwritingskills.Inthelastsixyears,asmallnumberofFLstudies(andmostrecentlyESLstudies)havereportedontheuseofInterChange/DaedalusinCACDinvariousFLclassesinuniversitiesintheUnitedStates,typicallyforgeneralclassroomdiscussionpurposesratherthaninconnectionwithL2writinginstruction.HowdoesCACDwork?DuringatypicalDaedalus/InterChangesessioninthecomputerlab,eachstudentsitsinfrontofacomputerterminalandisfreetotypeinmessagesthatcanbesentbyclickingonthe"send"buttononthescreen.Sentmessagesappearontheupperhalfofallindividualscreens,displayedintheorderinwhichtheyweresentandautomaticallyidentifiedwiththenameofthesender.Allclassmemberscanreadeachother"scommentsattheirownpacebyscrollingupanddownthesent-messageswindow,andtheycanwritemessagesattheirownleisurewithoutinterferingeffects(freezing,etc.)fromincomingmessages.AmongthemanydifferenttypesofCALLactivitiesavailableforsecondlanguageinstruction,CACDstandsasapromisingareaforresearchinsecondlanguagelearningandteachingforseveralreasons.Forone,conductingclassdiscussionsonacomputernetworkentailsmeaningfuluseofthetargetlanguageandforcesteachersandstudentsawayfromtreatinglanguageasanobjectratherthanasamediumofcommunication(e.g.,Colomb&Simutis,1996).NotonlyisCACDacommunicativeCALLactivityinUnderwood"s(1984)sense,butitcanpromoteatask-andinteraction-drivenapproachtoL2learningandteachingwhichisthebackdroptoconcreteproposalsforcurriculumdesignsupersedingtraditionalcommunicativeapproaches(e.g.,analyticandTypeBsyllabiasoutlinedinWilkins,1976,andWhite,1988,respectively;seealsodetaileddiscussionofprocedural,process,andtasksyllabiinLong&Crookes,1993).ThecommunicativeinvestmentandthemeaningfulnessandrelevanceachievedinmanyCACDdiscussionsappeartoprovideforacontextinwhichopportunitiesforlanguagedevelopmentareenhanced,sincestudentsaremotivatedtostretchtheirlinguisticresourcesinordertomeetthedemandsofrealcommunicationinasocialcontext.Inbrief,theCACDenvironmentappearstobeoptimalfordevisingCALLactivitiesthatfacilitateandpromotecomprehensibleoutput(Swain,1985)withinaholistic,process-andtask-orientedapproachtotheL2curriculum(Long&Crookes,1993).OtherbenefitsofCACDassociatedwithlanguagelearningthathavebeenrepeatedlysingledoutintheFLliteratureare:Learnersareabletocontributeasmuchastheywantattheirownpaceandleisure;consequently,theytendtoperceiveCACDaslessthreateningandinhibitingthanoralinteractionsandproduceahighamountofwriting,withallstudentsparticipatingtoahighdegreeandallproducingseveralturns/messagespersession.Becauseoftheinteractivenatureofthewriting,learnersareexpectedtoengageinavarietyofinteractivemovesonthecomputerandtotakecontrolofmanagingthediscussion.Learnersmakeuseoftheavailableopportunitytotaketimetoplantheirmessagesand
editthem.InthiswaytheyengageinproductiveL2strategiesandprocesses.漢語譯文當天翻譯過程分析或體會100字以內!Day6**學院續(xù)聘英語外教的合同**學院(甲方)欲聘請美國人理查德.布魯克(Mr.RichardBourke)(乙方),護照號:404653028,為外語系的英語教師。經雙方協(xié)商,達成以下協(xié)議:一、甲方保證:1、在校園內提供一套免費住房,配有必要的生活設施,如:廚房(含廚具)、浴室、冰箱、洗衣機、電視、和微機,打印機,免費寬帶上網,并及時更新電腦軟件,電話(費用自理),每月補助水電費最多不超過150元。2、乙方授課時數20學時/周每月需完成80學時工作量。如果乙方每月未能完成規(guī)定的課時,甲方可安排諸如教師培訓等工作,乙方要服從工作安排,開學初、假期前課時微調,課時不超過每月要求完成的總時數。3、合同期滿時甲方提供中國**---美國北卡迪那飛機票,或支付人民幣現金5000元作異地交通補貼。4、購買與中方員工一樣的平安保險,如遇特殊疾病影響教學,病假超過三周以上,甲方有權單方解除合同。對家庭成員不承擔任何責任。5、課前提供教材和必要的教學資料。6、每月提供免稅的6000元月薪,每月10日為發(fā)薪日。如乙方承擔的課時超過合同規(guī)定的學時,付給經雙方同意的超課時講課費,即80元/學時,超課時講課費學期末根據每月完成的課時總量核準。假期帶薪。7、工作一學年,提供國內旅游補貼費201*元人民幣,不滿一年,補貼按實際工作的月份支付。8、上課班級學生數在50名左右。9、如果乙方兩次教學評估不合格,甲方有權單方解除合同;如果乙方連續(xù)違反合同,如遲到、早退和缺課等,甲方有權單方解除合同。10、合同生效后,甲方有權根據乙方的能力、合作意愿和教學質量來調整授課班級13
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教學計劃和時數以及合作的延續(xù)。乙方全力支持甲方工作,如果乙方不服從甲方工作安排,甲方有權單方解除合同,但不承擔任何違約責任。11、負擔乙方在中國國內簽證延期費用。二、乙方保證:1、每周完成20學時的教學任務,主要教授英語口語,包括期末出題、評卷。如不能完成規(guī)定課時,可將剩余課時用于教師教學研討和培訓,積極承擔額外教學任務,尤其當其他外教生病時主動為其承擔教學任務。2、參加學生組織的“英語角”等課外活動等,遵守學院及系內規(guī)定,如有違反愿與中方職工一樣接受處分。3、愛護房間內的一切公共物品,如有意損壞,與中方職工一樣按價賠償,如過失損壞就不用賠償。4、工作期間,嚴禁請假,特殊原因除外(疾病、意外傷害等),請假期間,其他教師承擔教學的講課費從乙方工資中扣除。另外,家庭成員的來往過境費用自理。5、乙方必須遵守中華人民共和國的有關法律、法規(guī)以及甲方的有關規(guī)章制度,遵守中國關于外事活動的一切規(guī)定。6、無甲方許可,不可做兼職工作,如有違反,承擔違約責任。7、合同期滿前60天以書面形式通知甲方是否續(xù)約。8、積極參與甲方對乙方的教學評估。9、禁止向甲方提供錯誤信息,如個人健康,學歷證書等。如乙方提供錯誤信息,則因乙方提供錯誤信息產生的法律后果及給甲方造成的損失均由乙方承擔法律責任。三、雙方保證:1、共同遵守本合同內的一切款項,不得隨意違背。2、如有爭議,雙方應本著友好合作的原則,協(xié)商解決,如無法解決,可訴諸法律。3、在合同有效期內,雙方不得隨意解除合同,如甲方非因法定或約定的原因解除合同,須向乙方支付違約金10000元人民幣;如乙方無故解除合同,須向甲方支付違約金10000元人民幣。4、甲方為乙方辦理工作證。四、本合同有效期自201*年1月1日起,至201*年12月31日止。甲方代表簽字:日期:乙方簽字:日期:英語譯文
當天翻譯過程分析或體會100字以內!Day7Part1牡丹江簡介牡丹江是一座歷史積淀非常厚重的城市,是滿族發(fā)祥地之一,造就了鶯歌嶺文化、唐代渤海文化、清代寧古塔流人文化、“闖關東”文化、抗聯文化、北大荒文化以及火山文化、口岸文化等多種文化傳承交融,不同的風土人情造就了牡丹江獨特的民風民俗,使牡丹江成為開放度高、包容度高、思想比較活躍和開放的地區(qū),鑄就了“求實創(chuàng)新、跨越爭先”的城市品格。牡丹江景色天成,是一個風光秀麗的旅游城市。位于北溫帶中部,屬溫帶大陸季風氣候,半濕潤地區(qū)。地處盆地,四面環(huán)山,四季分明。冬可玩雪、夏可避暑、秋可觀山、春可采摘。牡丹江有世界第一大高山堰塞湖鏡泊湖,以及中國雪鄉(xiāng)、唐代渤海國遺址等景區(qū)景點450多處,是國家級旅游城市。漢語原文英語譯文Day7Part2陜南災后綠色鄉(xiāng)村社區(qū)營建策略研究國家十一五科技支撐計劃重點項目“地震后災區(qū)新農村建設技術集成與示范”項目編號:201*BAK51B04王*1靳**21**大學建筑學院教授、博導2**大學建筑學院講師、在讀博士摘要:“5.12”特大地震后,陜西省南部受到嚴重的破壞,尤其是寧強縣和略陽縣,災后重建任務十分艱巨。面對社會各界的支援,災區(qū)新農村建設呈現出前所未有的機遇,但如何在災后全方位的營建綠色社區(qū),并充分體現地域特色,也是一次嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn)。災后重建,要求我們不僅僅考慮房屋建筑等硬件實施的營建,還應統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃考慮農村主導產業(yè)的生產恢復與技術提升,更新產業(yè)結構,以及建設新的循環(huán)農業(yè)模式。為此結合項目的實施,我們特提出應結合該地區(qū)地域特點、產業(yè)結構和農村社會發(fā)展狀況,從農村社區(qū)規(guī)劃及建設發(fā)展模式開發(fā)與示范等方面營建綠色鄉(xiāng)村社區(qū)。關鍵詞:災后重建新農村綠色鄉(xiāng)村營建策略1引言15
漢語原文
201*年5月12日14時28分04秒,四川省汶川縣發(fā)生8.0級特大地震。這次地震,是新中國成立以來破壞性最強、波及范圍最廣、救災難度最大的一次地震,波及四川、甘肅、陜西、重慶等16個省區(qū)市。災后重建任務十分艱巨,黨和政府高度重視,國家科技部及時推出“國家十一五科技支撐計劃重點項目”“地震后災區(qū)新農村建設技術集成與示范”,由西北農林科技大學主持,聯合西安建筑科技大學、同濟大學等單位,在陜西受災嚴重的寧強縣廣坪鎮(zhèn)駱家嘴村建立示范點,開展“陜南災后綠色鄉(xiāng)村社區(qū)建設技術集成與示范”的研究。課題組歷經多次調研、踏勘、測繪、規(guī)劃設計、實驗、現場施工、經驗總結等大量工作,針對如何在災后營建綠色社區(qū)提出相應營建策略,以供探討。2機遇與挑戰(zhàn)災后社區(qū)營建陜西省寧強縣位于陜西省西南角,全縣總面積3246.8平方公里,常用耕地面積31萬畝,總人口33.96萬人,屬中低山區(qū)縣。此次大地震,寧強縣26個鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)普遍受災,其中,寧強縣內臨近四川的廣坪、青木川、毛壩河、禪家?guī)r、二郎壩等鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)災情十分嚴重。位于寧強縣西南角廣坪鎮(zhèn)的駱家嘴村則為受災最為嚴重的村落,該村境內丘陵起伏,村域面積38.6平方公里,其中森林面積1863公頃,耕地面積1110畝。全村轄10個村民小組387戶1490人。該村百分之九十以上的房屋在此次地震中受損,電力、水利、交通等基礎設施嚴重損毀。由于當地經濟相對落后,震后更是雪上加霜,很難再有經濟能力重建自己的家園。雖然土坯房大多數毀壞,但是可以看出是由于當地農民建造技術的原因,屋頂雖然已經嚴重毀壞,但是墻體仍保持完好,因此這種原始生態(tài)的建筑材料在災后重建中應重點考慮。(如圖1、2)圖1寧強縣廣坪鎮(zhèn)駱家嘴村震后民居圖2寧強縣廣坪鎮(zhèn)駱家嘴村震后民居特大地震災害之后,恢復重建的重點在農村,難點也在農村。地震后,災區(qū)農村建設是我們面臨的一個新課題、新挑戰(zhàn)。震后,國家及各級政府十分重視,積極投入大量人力、物力、財力到災區(qū)建設中,這為陜南災后鄉(xiāng)村建設帶來了良好的機遇,但由于災區(qū)農村大多數分布在山區(qū),該地區(qū)原有基礎設施差,技術落后,面對前所未有的災后恢復重建任務,如何通過災后重建真正做到讓農村繁榮、讓農民受益、讓我國村鎮(zhèn)建設走向可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路也是我們面臨的課題與挑戰(zhàn)。災后重建任務艱巨復雜,涉及當地經濟社會發(fā)展的方方面面,必須統(tǒng)籌兼顧,科學規(guī)劃。不僅要安排好人類活動空間,還要考慮人與自然和諧相處,不僅要考慮恢復生產,還要考慮促進產業(yè)結構調整;不僅要考慮促進經濟增長,還要合理安排經濟布局;不僅要體現現代化要求,還要注意保護歷史文化遺產。這樣才能貫徹體現綠色鄉(xiāng)村營建的特點。
英語譯文當天翻譯過程分析或體會100字以內!Day8Part1一頓午餐我打碎了一個重要的杯子,然后坐下來吃飯--面包、牛奶、雞蛋和辣醬,基本上西式風格。突然,想聽羅大佑的那首歌《你的樣子》。于是找出磁帶,卻發(fā)現今天停電。人生總是這樣!人生總是不完美!這樣也好。這樣才有希望。于是繼續(xù)吃飯。英語譯文漢語原文Day8Part2窗在一家醫(yī)院的病房里,曾住過兩位病人,他們的病情都很嚴重。這間病房十分窄小,僅能容得下他們人。病房設有一扇門和一個窗戶,門通向走廊,透過窗戶可以看到外界。其中一位病人經允許,可以分別在每天上午和下午起身坐上一個小時。這位病人的病床靠近窗口。而另一位病人則不得不日夜躺臥在病床上。當然,兩位病人都需要靜養(yǎng)治療。使他們感到尤為痛苦的是,兩人的病情不允許他們做任何事情借以消遣,既不能讀書閱報,也不能聽收音機、看電視……只有靜靜地躺著。而且只有他們兩個人。噢,兩人經常談天,談就是幾個小時。他們談起各自的家庭妻小,各自的工作,各自在戰(zhàn)爭中做過些什么,曾在哪些地方度假,等等。每天上午和下午,時間一到,靠近窗戶的病人就被扶起身來,開始一小時的仰坐。每當這時,他就開始為同伴描述起他所見到的窗外的一切。漸漸地,每天的這兩個小時,幾乎就成了他和同伴生活中全部內容了。很顯然,這個窗戶俯瞰著一座公園,公園里面有一泓湖水,湖面上照例漫游著一群群野鴨、天鵝。公園里的孩子們有的在扔面包喂這些水禽,有的在擺弄游艇模型。一對17
漢語原文
對年輕的情侶手挽著手在樹萌下散步。公園里鮮花盛開,主要有玫瑰花,但四周還有五彩斑瀾、爭相斗妍的牡丹花和金盞草。在公園那端的一角,有一塊網球場。有時那兒進行的比賽確實精彩,不時也有幾場板球賽,雖然球藝夠不上正式決賽的水平,但是,有得看總比沒有強。那邊還有一塊用于玩滾木球的草坪。公園的盡頭是一排商店。在這些商店的后邊,鬧市區(qū)隱約可見。躺著的那位病人津津有味地聽著這一切。這個時刻的每一分鐘對他來說都是一種享受。描述仍在繼續(xù):一個孩童怎樣差一點跌入湖中,身著夏裝的姑娘是多么美麗動人。接著,又是一場扣人心弦的網球賽。他聽著這栩栩如生的描述,仿佛親眼看到了窗外所發(fā)生的一切。一天下午,當聽到一名板球隊員正慢悠悠地把球擊得四處皆是時,不靠窗口的病人,突然產生了一個想法:為什么偏偏是挨著窗戶的那個人,有幸能觀賞到窗外的一切?為什么自己不應得到這種機會呢?他為自己會有這種想法而感到慚愧,竭力不再這么想?墒,他愈加克制,這種想法卻變得愈加強烈,直至幾天以后,這個想法已經進一步變?yōu)榫o挨著窗口的為什么不該是我呢?他白晝無時不為這一想法所困擾,晚上,又徹夜難眠。結果,病情一天天加重了,醫(yī)生們對其病因不得而知。一天晚上,他照例睜著雙眼盯著天花板。這時,他的同伴突然醒來,開始大聲咳嗽,呼吸急促,時斷時續(xù),液體已經充塞了他的肺腔,他兩手摸索著,在找電鈴的按鈕,只要電鈴一響,值班的護土就會立即趕來。但是,另一位病人卻紋絲不動地看著。心想,他憑什么要占據窗口那張床位呢?痛苦的咳嗽聲打破了黑夜的沉靜。一聲又一聲……卡住了……停止了……直至最后呼吸聲也停止了。另一位病人仍然繼續(xù)盯著天花板。第二天早晨,醫(yī)護人員送來了漱口水,發(fā)現那個病人早已咽氣了,他們靜悄悄地將尸體抬了出去,絲毫沒有大驚小怪。稍過了幾天,似乎這時開口已經正當得體。剩下的這位病人就立刻提出是否能讓他挪到窗口的那張床上去。醫(yī)護人員把他抬了過去,將他舒舒服服地安頓在那張病床上。接著他們離開了病房,剩下他一個靜靜地躺在那兒。醫(yī)生剛一離開,這位病人就十分痛苦地掙扎著,用一支胳膊肘支起了身子,口中氣喘吁吁。他探頭朝窗口望去。他看到的只是光禿禿的一堵墻。英語譯文
當天翻譯過程分析或體會100字以內!Day9Part1***,西安建筑科技大學土木工程學院副教授,國家住房和城鄉(xiāng)建設部村鎮(zhèn)司農房建設技術西部研究中心主任,長期從事村鎮(zhèn)建筑抗震防災研究與實踐。近年來走遍中西部廣大農村地區(qū),對農村住房建設現狀有深入了解。特別是四川汶川地震及青海玉樹地震后,配合國家住房和城鄉(xiāng)建設部進行了大量震損農房的調研、評估及農房恢復重建指導工作。**,男,1951生,西安建筑科技大學教授,博士生導師,F任西安建筑科技大學建筑與環(huán)境研究所所長,主要從事地域文化與鄉(xiāng)土建筑、生土建筑、城市公共空間設計等方面的研究。陜西省重點學科-建筑設計及其理論學科帶頭人之一,陜西省名牌專業(yè)-建筑學專業(yè)責任教授。主持國家自然科學基金項目兩項,多年來致力于黃土高原人居環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究與地域建筑文化研究。在窯洞與生土建筑研究領域處國內領先地位。漢語原文**,1970年4月18日生于重慶,1992年7月獲西安建筑科技大學建筑學學士學位,1996年2月獲重慶建筑大學建筑學碩士學位,201*年1月獲重慶建筑大學城市規(guī)劃與設計博士學位。201*年晉升正高級工程師,注冊城市規(guī)劃師。201*年評為教授,西安建筑科技大學碩士生導師。1992年至今從事建筑設計和城市規(guī)劃設計,獲四川省城市規(guī)劃設計一等獎2項,全國城市規(guī)劃設計三等獎2項,全國勘察設計三等獎1項。出版學術專著一部,發(fā)表學術論文23篇。四川省突出貢獻專家,第九屆四川省青年科技獎獲獎者。現任四川省城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃設計研究院總工程師。***,西安建筑科技大學建筑學院教授,博導,國家公派訪問學者,中國"西部之光"訪問學者。長期從事西部弱勢群體人居環(huán)境發(fā)展、歷史文化村鎮(zhèn)保護、城市設計等領域的課題研究與規(guī)劃設計工程實踐。近年主持完成國家自然科學基金一項,在研國家級、省部級縱向課題6項,主編學術專著1部,發(fā)表學術論文20余篇。
英語譯文Day9Part2外交部:美南海問題聲明發(fā)嚴重錯誤信號新華網北京8月4日電中國外交部發(fā)言人秦剛4日就美國務院發(fā)表所謂南海問題聲明闡明中方嚴正立場。秦剛說,8月3日,美國國務院就南海問題發(fā)表所謂聲明,罔顧事實,混淆是非,發(fā)出了嚴重錯誤信號,無助于有關各方維護南海乃至亞太地區(qū)和平穩(wěn)定的努力。中方對此表示強烈不滿和堅決反對。秦剛說,中國對南海諸島及其附近海域擁有無可爭辯的主權,這方面的歷史事實是清楚的。而且,1959年中國就設立了隸屬廣東省的西、南、中沙群島辦事處,對西沙、中沙和南沙群島的島礁及其海域進行行政管轄。此次設立三沙市是中國對現有有關地方行政管轄機構的必要調整,是中國主權范圍內的事情。他說,需要指出的是,20多年來,在中國和有關地區(qū)國家的共同努力下,保持了南海的和平穩(wěn)定,航行自由和正常貿易得到充分保障。201*年,中國和東盟國家共同簽署《南海各方行為宣言》!缎浴访鞔_規(guī)定,由直接有關的主權國家通過友好協(xié)商和談判,以和平方式解決領土和管轄權爭議,同時承諾不采取使爭議復雜化、擴大化的行動,F在令人擔心的是,個別國家不尊重、不遵守《宣言》,以挑釁的方式一而再、再而三地破壞《宣言》的基本原則和精神,也給商談“南海行為準則”制造了困難。因此,中方在對同東盟國家商談“南海行為準則”持開放態(tài)度的同時,主張各方必須嚴格遵守《宣言》,以為商談“準則”創(chuàng)造必要條件和氣氛。秦剛說,美方對中國正常、合理之舉的無端指責不能不使人們對美方的意圖提出質疑。美國為什么對有的國家在南海劃出大批油氣區(qū)塊、出臺將中國的島礁和海域劃為己有的國內立法視而不見,為什么對有的國家出動軍艦威脅中國漁民,對無爭議的中國島礁無理提出主權要求避而不談,卻對中方應對這些挑釁行為的合理、適度反應提出無端指責?又為什么在地區(qū)有關國家加強對話溝通、努力化解矛盾、平息事態(tài)之際突兀發(fā)聲,撥弄是非?這種選擇性視盲和發(fā)聲有悖其所聲稱的對爭議“不持立場”、“不介入”的態(tài)度,不利于地區(qū)國家的團結合作與和平穩(wěn)定。他說,當前,全球經濟低迷,一些地區(qū)國家動蕩,亞太是相對穩(wěn)定和最具活力的地區(qū),也是世界經濟復蘇的重要支撐。美方應該順應時代潮流,尊重本地區(qū)國家謀和平、求穩(wěn)定、促發(fā)展的普遍愿望和有關共識,尊重中國的主權和領土完整,多做有利于亞太穩(wěn)定繁榮的事,而不是相反。秦剛說,中國同東盟建立對話關系20多年來,建立了發(fā)展中國家間最大的自由貿易區(qū),共同應對了亞洲金融危機、國際金融危機和重大自然災害等各種挑戰(zhàn),各領域合作全面推進。中國重視同東盟的友好合作關系,支持東盟一體化進程,支持東盟在東亞合作中的主導地位,愿同東盟一道努力,排除干擾,進一步推動雙方戰(zhàn)略伙伴關系向前20漢語原文
發(fā)展。英語譯文當天翻譯過程分析或體會100字以內!Day10西部鄉(xiāng)村低收入人群民居災后設計以512四川大坪村災后重建為例**,***【作者簡介】:**,西安建筑科技大學,建筑學院,博士生,助教地址:西安建筑科技大學建筑學院郵編:710055***,西安建筑科技大學,建筑學院,特聘教授,博士生導師【項目基金】:1.國家創(chuàng)新研究群體科學基金項目《西部地域建筑環(huán)境與能耗控制理論研究》(項目編號50921005)資助;漢語原文2.西安建筑科技大學青年科技基金《四川彭州大坪村災后重建鄉(xiāng)村聚落生態(tài)化創(chuàng)作思路研究》(項目編號DA02039)資助;【摘要】:本文以四川省彭州市通濟鎮(zhèn)大坪村民居災后重建為例,探討了我國西部鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)這一低收入人群在面臨嚴峻的經濟貧困與生態(tài)貧困的狀態(tài)下,如何解決新建建筑與環(huán)境的協(xié)調發(fā)展問題。在明確原有民居缺陷的基礎上,新建民居注重從解決建筑安全性,尊重當地生活方式出發(fā),采用當地材料、沿用傳統(tǒng)結構、改進室內熱環(huán)境、利用自然通風與采光、發(fā)掘可再生能源利用技術等,在降低建造與運行成本的同時做到對自然環(huán)境的保護與民居的持久發(fā)展!娟P鍵詞】:災后重建,鄉(xiāng)村民居,低收入,建造成本,運行成本1.前言201*年5月12日,一場巨大的地震災害襲擊了我國四川省大部分地區(qū)。受災區(qū)處于我國西部地區(qū),西部地區(qū)的特殊性主要表現在:西部總體自然環(huán)境差、生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱,人口增長速度快,人地關系矛盾突出,經濟發(fā)展相對落后,鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)貧困現象嚴重,面臨一系列的生態(tài)破壞與退化問題。西部地區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境具有十分重要的位置,是我國生
態(tài)環(huán)境的重要屏障,其環(huán)境的優(yōu)劣直接決定了我國總體環(huán)境狀況。因此,該地區(qū)災后重建要在經濟條件相對較差的基礎上注重防災減災安全性,還要注重對自然生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護。課題組作為志愿者團隊,在北京地球村環(huán)境文化中心的倡導和組織下,對四川省彭州市通濟鎮(zhèn)大坪村開展了地震災區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村民居可持續(xù)性發(fā)展研究,進行了災后重建的方案創(chuàng)作,并應用于第一期44戶示范工程建設。2.四川大坪村受災情況大坪村隸屬于四川省彭州市通濟鎮(zhèn),位于成都西北約70公里處(東經103°49′,北緯30°9′)的大坪山上,海拔高度約1400米,與龍門山隔白水河溝相望,直線距離汶川縣城不足30公里。512大地震中,大坪村遭受嚴重創(chuàng)傷,道路中斷,橋梁破壞,新建磚混結構房屋全部倒塌,傳統(tǒng)的木結構房屋亦破壞嚴重,無法繼續(xù)使用,村民生產、生活活動幾乎無法進行[2](如圖1)。3.大坪村經濟狀況大坪村所處自然環(huán)境優(yōu)美,但是由于受地理條件、觀念等等的限制,當地經濟發(fā)展相對緩慢。主要原因在于:1)交通不便大坪村海拔1400米,當地村民生活在崇山峻嶺之中,平地少,山地多,出行交通極其不便,基本以步代車,徒步約6km的崎嶇山路。5.12地震后,這里的山路受到了嚴重的破壞。2)收入渠道單一當地村民種植的農作物主要有玉米、土豆、洋姜,而這些作物所帶來的收入僅夠平日開銷。村民的經濟收入主要是靠種植黃蓮獲得。地震發(fā)生后,黃連受嚴重破壞,該部分經濟收入被切斷。除此外,當地部分年輕勞動力農閑時外出打工貼補家用,地震后都回來重建家園。因此,收入比之前更低。據統(tǒng)計,44戶村民年收入在3000元以下的占到7%;3000元-5000元的占到16%,5000元-7000元的占到27%,7000元-10000元的占到23%,10000元以上的占到27%,(如圖2)。3)旅游業(yè)發(fā)展受制約大坪村自然環(huán)境優(yōu)美,適宜于大力發(fā)展旅圖2當地村民每戶年均收入狀況游業(yè)以增加當地村民收入。但限于當地基礎設施落后、交通不便、啟動資金不足等,很大程度上制約了當地旅游經濟的發(fā)展。4)新建住宅經濟投入災后重建中,在當地政府、北京地球村環(huán)境文化中心和中國紅十字基金會大力的經濟支持下進行。政府根據人口與建房規(guī)模每戶資助1.6或1.9萬元不等,中國紅十字基金會按人口計算,每人資助4850元。據調查了解,在新建的44戶中,一口之家有1戶;二口之家有9戶,三口之家有22
圖1地震對大坪村民居破壞情況
12戶;四口之家有14戶;五口之家有6戶;六口之家有2戶。
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